The GO's Column

Parenting Styles

As a parent myself, I know how difficult and challenging parenting can be at times. I see a variety of parenting styles in any given week and the effect they have on our young people. Parenting styles refer to the strategies and approaches that parents use to raise their children. Psychologists generally categorise parenting into four main styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved.

Authoritative parenting is considered the most effective style. These parents are both responsive and demanding. They set clear rules and expectations but are also warm and supportive. They encourage independence while maintaining boundaries. This approach often leads to children who are responsible, self-regulated and socially competent.

Authoritarian parenting is characterised by high demands and low responsiveness. These parents enforce strict rules and expect obedience without question. They often rely on punishment rather than guidance. While children raised with this style may be obedient, they can also develop low self-esteem, social anxiety or aggression due to a lack of emotional support.

Permissive parenting involves high responsiveness but low demands. Permissive parents are indulgent and lenient, often avoiding confrontation. They may act more like friends than authority figures. Children of permissive parents may struggle with self-discipline and authority, often displaying poor academic performance and behavioural issues.

Uninvolved parenting, also known as neglectful parenting, is low in both responsiveness and demands. These parents may be detached from their child's life due to stress, mental health issues or lack of interest. Children raised by uninvolved parents may experience emotional insecurity, poor academic outcomes and issues with self-esteem and relationships.

Each parenting style affects children's development differently. While authoritative parenting is linked to positive outcomes, the other styles can lead to challenges if not balanced with warmth, guidance or boundaries. It’s also important to recognise that cultural, social and individual differences can shape how these styles manifest in practice. Effective parenting often involves adapting one’s style to meet a child’s unique needs and developmental stage.